A foundational programming course that teaches the fundamentals of computer programming using the C language, which is essential for low-level systems and learning other languages.

C Fundamentals: History, structure of a C program, keywords, data types, variables, and constants.

Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators, and operator precedence.

Control Structures:

Decision Making: if, if-else, nested if, switch.

Looping: for, while, do-while loops, and control statements (break, continue).

Arrays and Strings: One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, and standard string manipulation functions.

Functions: Defining and calling functions, actual vs. formal arguments, Call by Value, Call by Reference, and recursion.

Pointers: Introduction to pointers, pointer arithmetic, and pointers to arrays/functions.

User-Defined Data Types: Structures, Unions, and Enums.

File Handling: Performing I/O operations (read/write) on files.

Dynamic Memory Allocation: Using functions like malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), and free().